Reference soil India 09: Ferric Lixisol

IN009

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

A deep, well drained reddish brown to yellowish red clay loam with a sandy loam topsoil and increasing iron concretions with depth. The soil is situated in a gently sloping upland (gradient 1-2%). Natural vegetation consists of Hariyali grass (Cynodon dactylon), Pongamea glabra and Lantana camera.

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Pachi-

Ferric Lixisol

Ferric Luvisol

0-0 cm	argic B horizon
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon
	ferric properties

0-0 cm	argillic B horizon
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon
	ferric properties

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Kandic

Paleustalf

USDA-SCS (1975)

Kandic

Paleustalf

fine

kaolinitic

isohyperthermic

Classification (other)

Hoskote sandy clay loam

Location:

Mysore State, Bangalore District, along Hoskote-Devanahalli road

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-20	:	-	0.5	12.7	25	26.4	6.6	71.2	1.9	6.1	8	20.8
20-36	:	-	0.5	12.2	22.2	26.9	7.7	69.5	2.8	4.8	7.6	22.7
36-68	:	-	0.6	16	23.4	18.1	4.5	62.6	1.6	5.1	6.7	30.7
68-150	:	-	1.1	11.9	14.8	15.5	4.5	47.9	1.2	7.2	8.4	43.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-20	:	-	-	-	18.1	20.8
20-36	:	-	-	-	19.7	22.7
36-68	:	-	-	-	24.1	30.7
68-150	:	-	-	-	29	43.8

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-20	:	6.9	6.0	0.14	-	0.24	0.03	8	-	-	3.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	4.2
20-36	:	6.7	5.8	0.16	-	0.24	0.03	8	-	-	1.8	0.0	0.3	0.0	2.1
36-68	:	6.2	5.3	0.12	-	0.27	0.02	14	-	-	2.3	0.2	0.3	0.1	2.9
68-150	:	6.0	5.1	0.13	-	0.21	0.03	7	-	-	4.2	2.0	0.3	0.1	6.6

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-20	:	4.1	20	0.8	-	102	-	-
20-36	:	3.9	17	0.8	-	54	-	-
36-68	:	5.7	19	0.9	-	51	-	-
68-150	:	7.6	17	0.7	-	87	-	-

Depth (cm)		pH NaF	P Retention (%)	ODOE	Melanic Index	Fe o (wt%)	Al o (wt%)	Si o (wt%)	Fe d (wt%)	Al d (wt%)	Fe p (wt%)	Al p (wt%)	C p (wt%)
0-20	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.9	0.1	-	-	-
20-36	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.9	0.1	-	-	-
36-68	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.57	0.14	-	-	-
68-150	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.15	0.14	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
0-20	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-36	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
36-68	:	46.3	32.5	6.9	0.08	0.39	1.05	-	0.82
68-150	:	45.9	32.4	5.8	0.05	0.35	1.04	-	0.78

Elemental composition of the clay:

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	Ign.Loss clay (wt%)	Total clay (%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
0-20	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-36	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
36-68	:	0.05	0.08	11.8	100	2.4	21	2.2	8.8
68-150	:	0.03	0.03	12	98.4	2.4	17.8	2.1	7.4

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
0-20	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-36	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
36-68	:	very strong	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak
68-150	:	very strong	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak

Mineral sand:

Depth (cm)		Heavy Frac. Sand (wt%)	Light Frac. Sand (wt%)	Quartz (wt%in lf)	K-Feldspar (wt%in lf)	Plagioclase (wt%in lf)	Rest (wt%in lf)	Opaque (wt%in lf)
0-20	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-36	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
36-68	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
68-150	:	0.1	99.9	95	4	1	-	-

Profile description:

Ap 0-20 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist), sandy loam, weak fine granular, friable non sticky, many very fine pores and few pores, clear smooth boundary to,
AB 20-36 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist), sandy clay loam, moderate medium subangular blocky, friable slightly sticky plastic, many very fine pores and few pores, clear smooth boundary to,
Boc1 36-68 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist), clay loam, moderate medium subangular blocky, firm sticky plastic, common very fine pores, few small soft ferruginous concretions, clear smooth boundary to,
Boc2 68-150 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist), clay loam, moderate to strong medium subangular blocky, firm very sticky very plastic, common very fine pores, frequent small soft ferruginous concretions

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	lateritic material
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	residual material
Texture of parent material (1st entry)
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	150 cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	granite gneiss

Soil erosion type (1st entry)	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type (1st entry)	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (2nd entry)	harmless
Occurrence of soil aggradation	not apparent
Slope Stability

Current land use at the site	arable farming
Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Main type of irrigation
Rotation scheme
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site
Status of vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Finger millet,sorghum,niger,mung beans

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	1000 m asl
Regional landform	pediplain
Topography of the surrounding country	undulating
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	gently sloping upland
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	1 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located
Form of the slope surrounding the site
Slope Aspect of the site

Depth of groundwater table	cm
Groundwater Top	cm
Groundwater Bottom	cm
Kind of groundwater table	no groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	cm
Runoff	medium
Flooding frequency	never
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Drainage Class	well
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	0-150 cm
Wet From - To	cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site
Microrelief Pattern	none
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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Reference soil India 09: Ferric Lixisol