Reference soil Thailand 04: Eutric Gleysol

TH004

Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Water table: varies with seasons.

Flooding: by river water for 7-8 months/year.

Climate: Tropical savanna; average temperature of hottest month (April) is 30.6°C and of coolest month (December) 25.2°C; the total annual rainfall in Sing Buri is 1172 mm, of which 85% falls in the period of May-October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987.

Land use: No fertilizers are used; fallow land during dry season; average rice yield 3000 kg/ha.

Additional notes on profile description: O - Undecomposed straw of rice and grass. Apg - Some black patches; weak, medium crumb structure in upper centimetres; a few narrow cracks (1/2 cm wide, 15-20 cm deep). 2C3 - Second matrix colour 9 YR 5/2 moist.

References:

Dent, F.J.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: No.49 Soil series survey of the MERS Lop Buri study area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok June 1966.
Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969.
Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968.
Panichapong, S.; Moormann,F.R.: Report No.7 in the soil survey of 10 villages in Changwat Ubon; Ministry of Agriculture. Bangkok August 1962.
Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969.
Rojanasoonthon,S.; Moormann, F.R.: No.48. Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966.
Van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain Area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development, report SSR-89. Bangkok 1972.

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Orthi-

Eutric Gleysol

inundic phase

Eutric Gleysol

0-0 cm	cambic B horizon
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon
	gleyic properties

0-0 cm	cambic B horizon
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon
	hydromorphic properties

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Tropaquept

very fine

mixed

isohyperthermic

Classification (other)	Alluvial soil, Phimai Series
	A poorly drained dark grey clayey profile with many distinct mottles, yellowish red in the topsoil and dark brown below. The profile has a weak to moderate angular blocky structure, a few narrow cracks up to 20 cm depth and a few slickensides.

Location:

Central Plain Region, Sing Buri Province, Muang Sing Buri District

200 m W of junction of roads Lop Buri - Sing Buri and Ang Thon - Chainat.

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Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
2-15	:	-	0	1.1	1.1	8.6	17	25.6	73.3
70-80	:	-	0.1	2.9	3	7.1	19.9	27	70
115-125	:	-	0.5	39.8	40.3	15.3	13.9	29.2	30.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
2-15	:	-	-	-	-	73.3
70-80	:	-	-	-	-	70
115-125	:	-	-	-	-	30.5

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
2-15	:	5.0	4.1	0.42	-	1.46	0.15	10	0.4	0.2	15.1	3.9	0.6	0.0	19.6
70-80	:	6.2	5.1	0.45	-	0.56	0.07	8	-	-	19.8	4.4	0	0.2	24.4
115-125	:	6.6	5.6	0.3	-	0.21	0.02	11	-	-	10.2	2.1	0	0.0	12.3

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
2-15	:	30.2	41	5.1	-	65	1	-
70-80	:	27.2	39	2.0	-	90	-	-
115-125	:	12.9	42	0.7	-	95	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
2-15	:	51.9	30.2	6	0.1	1.3	3.4	-	0.9
70-80	:	50	29.3	7.2	0.1	1.2	2.9	-	0.9
115-125	:	49.6	28.8	8.7	0.1	1.2	2.6	-	0.9

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	Ign.Loss clay (wt%)	Total clay (%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
2-15	:	0.1	0.2	8.7	102.8	2.9	23	2.6	7.9
70-80	:	0.1	0.2	8.9	100.8	2.9	18.4	2.5	6.3
115-125	:	0.1	0.2	9.1	101.2	2.9	15.2	2.4	5.2

Elemental composition of the soil:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
2-15	:	55.2	23.5	5.5	0.62	1.31	3.15	-	0.92
70-80	:	56.9	21.7	6.5	0.77	1.13	2.55	-	0.87
115-125	:	75.7	12.4	3.7	0.58	0.69	2.23	-	0.62

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	LOI (wt%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
2-15	:	0.02	0.11	10.7	4	26.7	3.5	6.7
70-80	:	0.12	0.08	9.3	4.5	23.3	3.7	5.2
115-125	:	0.12	0.06	4.5	10.4	54.5	8.7	5.3

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
2-15	:	strong	strong	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
70-80	:	strong	strong	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
115-125	:	strong	strong	-	very weak to weak	weak	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-

Mineral sand:

Depth (cm)		Heavy Frac. Sand (wt%)	Light Frac. Sand (wt%)	Quartz (wt%in lf)	K-Feldspar (wt%in lf)	Plagioclase (wt%in lf)	Rest (wt%in lf)	Opaque (wt%in lf)
2-15	:	4	96	91	5	4	-	32
70-80	:	1.5	98.5	89	8	3	-	44
115-125	:	-	-	88	7	5	-	25

Minerals:

Depth (cm)		Anatase (wt%)	Hornblende basaltic (wt%)	Biotite (wt%)	Brookite (wt%)	Epidote (wt%)	Glaucophane (wt%)	Grenate (wt%)	Muscovite (wt%)	Sillimanite (wt%)	Tourmaline (wt%)	Zircone (wt%)
2-15	:	1	3	1	1	52	-	29	-	-	-	-
70-80	:	1	6	-	-	71	-	5	-	-	-	-
115-125	:	1	4	-	-	70	1	7	2	1	-	-

Profile description:

O 0-2 cm	herbaceous fragments nil,
Apg 2-15 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist), clay, very weak coarse subangular blocky, firm sticky plastic, many fine distinct mottles (5YR 4/8), no cutans, few very fine tubular pores, no inclusions, no fragments, gradual smooth boundary to,
Bgi 15-55 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist), clay, weak to moderate fine angular blocky, firm sticky plastic, many fine distinct mottles (7.5YR 4/4) and many medium distinct mottles (7.5YR 4/4), broken slickensides cutans, few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores, no inclusions, no fragments, diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bcgi 55-115 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist), clay, weak to moderate fine angular blocky, firm sticky plastic, many medium distinct mottles (7.5YR 4/4) and many medium distinct mottles (10YR 5/6), patchy slickensides cutans, few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores, no inclusions, no fragments, abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Cg 115-125 cm	grey (10YR 5/1, moist), sandy clay, moderate fine subangular blocky, slightly sticky slightly plastic, many coarse distinct mottles (9YR 5/8), no cutans, common very fine interstitial pores, no inclusions, frequent mica fragments,

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	fluvial
Texture of parent material (1st entry)
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Texture of parent material (2nd entry)	clayey
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	cm

Soil erosion type (1st entry)
Occurrence of soil aggradation	absent
Slope Stability

Current land use at the site	low level arable farming
Major crops	rice
Main type of irrigation	no irrigation
Rotation scheme	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site
Status of vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	rainy season:broadcasted "floating rice"

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	5 m asl
Regional landform	floodplain
Topography of the surrounding country	flat or almost flat
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	back swamp of river basin
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	1 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	flat
Form of the slope surrounding the site
Slope Aspect of the site

Depth of groundwater table	125 cm
Groundwater Top	cm
Groundwater Bottom	cm
Kind of groundwater table	groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	cm
Flooding frequency	yearly
Nature of floodwater	fresh
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile
Drainage Class	poor
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	0-115 cm
Wet From - To	115-123 cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site	level
Microrelief Pattern	none
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	small cracks (width less than 1 cm, or depth less than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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Reference soil Thailand 04: Eutric Gleysol