Reference soil Indonesia 14: Stagnosol

ID014

Stagnosols are often related to Luvisols and occur for the greater part in humid and perhumid temperate regions in West and Central Europe, North America, Australia and Argentina.

Characteristics

Soils having within 50 cm of the soil surface reducing conditions (soil conditions with low redox potential (negative logarithm of the hydrogen potential (rH) and presence of free iron (Fe2+) on freshly broken surfaces) and in 50% of the layer a stagnic colour pattern (strong mottling of soils in such a pattern that peds surfaces are lighter (at least one Munsell value) and paler (at least one chroma) than ped interiors, which are more reddish and brighter (at least one chroma)). The stagnic color pattern develops under temporarily saturation of a perched water table from surface water, long enough to allow reducing conditions to arise. The topsoil can be bleached and concretions can occur in the subsoil. They develop often in slowly permeable, unconsolidated materials of various origins.

Distribution of Stagnosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID014: Stagnosols

PHYSIOGRAPHY: Dissected upper remnants of Pudjon intervolcanic plain. Eroded upper terrace of Kali Konto and its tributaries. Single slope of 8% with human constructed level bench terraces. PARENT MATERIAL: 0-50 cm: slope wash of reworked volcanic ash of intermediate and basic composition. 50+ cm: truncated volcanic tuff profile, built up during at least two major eruption cycles. HYDROLOGY: Moderately well to well drained; moderately slow permeability due to puddled ABg-horizon; medium runoff; occasionally flooded in rainy season by overland flow. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Cultivation of rainfed annual foodcrops (maize, cassava, grain legumes) and vegetables on level bench terraces with supplementary irrigation in the dry season. Untill recently, water supply was sufficient to grow wetland rice as well. Whole area is cleared of its natural vegetation. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ap - continuously rejuvinated by slope wash material and deposits from irrigation water. ABg - compacted with broken thin FeMn-coatings on ped faces; caused by puddling praticed in wetland rice cropping. Bg1 - manganiferous ped coatings. Bg2 - accumulation of translocated organic-rich topsoil material at the lithological discontinuity towards weathered volcanic tuff; most of the interpedal void space is completely filled with organic-rich fine material. 2Bwg - relatively high clay contents due to weathering and transformation of primary constituents. 2Bwg3 - transitional towards the little altered tuff deposits that make up the 2BC-horizon. REFERENCES: - J.L. Tersteeg, 1987: "A study on the genesis of soils derived from volcanic material in the Malang area, East Java, Indonesia".

Classification

WRB 2006

Haplic- Stagnosol (Eutric)

24-140 cm	cambic horizon
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

24-140 cm	cambic horizon
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Stagni-Gleyic Cambisol

Eutric Gleysol

0-24 cm	ochric A horizon
24-120 cm	cambic B horizon
-	stagnic

0-24 cm	ochric A horizon
24-120 cm	cambic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Kambisol Eutrik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Land use

Major crops	crops (unspecified)
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	terracing
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	medium level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Whole area is cleared of its natural vegetation LANDUSE: Rainfed annual foodcrops (maize, cassava, grain legumes) and vegetables on level bench terraces with supplementary irrigation in the dry season. Until recently, water supply was sufficient to grow wet
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	1.2	3.6	9.4	13.8	8.4	36.4	12.3	16.5	28.8	34.8
5-16	-	0.9	3.6	8.9	12.9	8.1	34.4	11.3	26.0	37.3	28.2
16-42	-	1.2	3.8	10.0	13.5	7.3	35.8	11.7	25.9	37.6	26.6
42-85	-	1.2	2.8	6.1	10.1	5.5	25.7	11.1	23.9	35	39.3
85-120	-	0.7	1.6	4.1	8.1	5.7	20.2	12.4	30.2	42.6	37.1
120-140	-	1.2	2.5	7.3	10.4	6.5	27.9	11.3	28.2	39.5	32.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	1.650	-	-	6.7	34.8
5-16	1.720	-	-	9.5	28.2
16-42	1.640	-	-	12.0	26.6
42-85	1.680	-	-	17.9	39.3
85-120	1.280	-	-	13.5	37.1
120-140	-	-	-	14.0	32.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	1.650	89.3	82.6	79.1	77.3	68.0	50.9	32.3	29.8
5-16	1.720	93.3	84.9	78.8	75.7	70.4	63.6	35.8	31.8
16-42	1.640	85.4	77.9	75.2	72.8	62.9	55.8	32.8	29.4
42-85	1.680	64.5	61.6	59.5	58.0	51.5	43.3	26.1	24.8
85-120	1.280	79.4	76.1	70.0	65.5	55.7	49.0	27.0	24.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	5.7	4.8	0.27	-	1.69	0.16	11	-	-	10.9	3.1	1.1	0.2	15.3
5-16	5.7	4.8	0.28	-	1.63	0.16	10	-	-	10.7	3.2	0.8	0.2	14.9
16-42	6.2	5.2	0.20	-	1.27	0.13	10	-	-	12.2	4.0	0.8	0.3	17.3
42-85	6.6	5.4	0.11	-	1.17	0.11	11	-	-	15.1	5.8	1.3	0.4	22.6
85-120	6.7	5.4	0.09	-	0.72	0.09	8	-	-	15.0	5.6	1.7	0.5	22.8
120-140	6.7	5.4	0.07	-	0.59	0.07	8	-	-	12.5	5.0	1.6	0.5	19.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	53	28.9	83	5.9	-	-	1
5-16	51	29.5	105	5.7	-	-	1
16-42	57	30.2	114	4.4	-	-	1
42-85	62	36.3	92	4.1	-	-	1
85-120	63	36	97	2.5	-	-	1
120-140	63	30.9	95	2.1	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	8.8	59	-	1.02	0.52	2.70	0.58	0.17	0.15	-	1.87
5-16	8.9	61	-	0.98	0.48	2.77	0.39	0.19	0.18	-	1.61
16-42	8.9	54	-	0.86	0.46	2.87	0.42	0.13	0.16	-	1.47
42-85	8.9	60	-	0.83	0.46	2.75	0.37	0.11	0.09	-	1.26
85-120	9.0	56	-	0.78	0.43	3.19	0.37	0.08	0.06	-	1.05
120-140	8.9	48	-	0.63	0.31	3.16	0.53	0.06	0.04	-	0.74

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-5	21.6	2.69	15.5	0.55	2.23	-	46.6	1.93
5-16	22.3	4.74	12.3	0.41	2.76	-	45.9	1.32
16-42	22.4	4.57	11.8	0.43	2.56	-	45.7	1.35
42-85	23.5	3.83	11.2	0.41	2.20	-	46.7	1.33
85-120	24.9	3.33	11.0	0.46	1.83	-	48.1	1.22
120-140	21.4	2.56	15.2	0.54	2.12	-	45.3	1.93

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-5	2.2	7.7	0.32	0.22	3.7	8.0	2.5
5-16	2.8	8.5	0.26	0.30	3.5	9.9	2.6
16-42	3.0	9.3	0.19	0.35	3.5	10.3	2.6
42-85	3.3	9.6	0.18	0.27	3.4	11.1	2.6
85-120	3.6	9.6	0.16	0.22	3.3	11.6	2.6
120-140	2.2	9.9	0.32	0.23	3.6	7.9	2.5

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,moderate medium granular and weak coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),no cutans,many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common coarse continuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,abrupt wavy boundary to,
ABg 14-24 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,strong coarse angular blocky and weak coarse platy,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine distinct clear mottles (5 YR 4/4) and common fine distinct mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),patchy thin clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,few fine discontinuous exped tubular horizontal pores and few medium continuous exped and inped tubular random pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,continuous plough pan pans,clear smooth boundary to,
Bg1 24-42 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,weak medium and coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many medium distinct clear mottles (5 YR 3/3) and many medium distinct mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),patchy thin clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,few fine medium exped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear irregular boundary to,
Bg2 42-50 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,weak medium and coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many medium distinct clear mottles (5 YR 5/6) and many medium distinct mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),continuous thick clay and humus throughout cutans,common fine medium exped interstitial pores and few medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2Bwg1 50-67 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, dry) (7.5YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate coarse and very coarse prismatic,hard firm sticky plastic,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10 YR 3/1) and many heterogeneous distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),broken moderately thick clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,common fine medium exped interstitial pores and few medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Bwg2 67-91 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (7.5YR 4/3, moist)clay loam,weak coarse prismatic parting to moderate coarse angular blocky,hard firm sticky plastic,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10 YR 3/1) and many heterogeneous distinct mottles (5 YR 4/6),broken moderately thick clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,common fine medium exped interstitial pores and common medium continuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,clear wavy boundary to,
2Bwg3 91-120 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (7.5YR 4/3, moist)clay loam,moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10 YR 3/1) and many heterogeneous distinct mottles (5 YR 4/6),patchy moderately thick clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,few fine medium exped interstitial pores and common discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,diffuse wavy boundary to,
2BC 120-131 cm	very pale brown (10YR 7/3, dry) brown (10YR 5/3, moist)clay loam,weak fine subangular blocky,slightly hard very friable sticky plastic,common fine faint clear mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),patchy thick clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules concretions,frequent fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,abrupt smooth boundary to,
3Bw 131- cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)clay loam,porous massive,slightly hard very friable sticky plastic,many medium distinct clear mottles (2.5 YR 3/6),patchy thick clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,few fine exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,

Depth1	50cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Soil Depth	50cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	locally unstable

Altitude	1130m
Physiographic Unit	dissected upper remnants of Pudjon intervolcanic plain; eroded upper terrace k.konto
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	8%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	steeply dissected

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	24cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	14cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Microrelief Height: variation in height	100
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	artificial terracing/mounds
Microrelief pattern	linear
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 14: Stagnosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID014: Stagnosols

Classification