Reference soil Indonesia 13: Phaeozem

ID013

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID013: Phaeozems

PHYSIOGRAPHY: Volcanic foothill area of Gunung Arjuna and Tengger mountains. Interfluve plateau between Kali Brantas and Kali Welang basin systems. PARENT MATERIAL: 0-63 cm: slope wash of reworked volcanic ash; intermediate and basic composition. 63+ cm: truncated volcanic tuff profile, build up during 3 eruption cycles (-92, -101 and -130+ cm). LAND USE: Currently left fallow. Rainfed annual foodcrops (maize, cassava, grain, legumes and dry seeded rice) in the close surroundings. Locally small stands of bamboo. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: AB - Compact horizon with patchy thin channel coatings of FeMn due to past wetland rice cropping. Bw - Faintly mottled with patchy thin channel coatings of FeMn and few hard manganiferous nodules, as a result of water saturation during the rainy season. 2BA - Derived from weathered tuff. Between 73-92 cm these & horizons are distinctly mottled due to stagnant soil 2Bw water during the rainy season. 3BC - Brittle, cemented horizon of semi-weathered tuff. 4Bw - Non-cemented, moderately porous horizon of weathered pyroclastics. REFERENCES: - J.L. Tersteeg, 1987: "A study on the genesis of soils derived from volcanic material in the Malang area, East Java, Indonesia".

Classification

WRB 2006

Stagnic- Phaeozem (Pachic Clayic)

0-73 cm	mollic horizon
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

0-73 cm	mollic horizon
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Stagnic Phaeozem anthraquic

Gleyic Phaeozem

0-73 cm	mollic A horizon
31-63 cm	cambic B horizon
-	stagnic

0-73 cm	mollic A horizon
31-63 cm	cambic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Kambisol Mollik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Cumulic Hapludoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Cumulic Haplustoll ustic clayey isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	1.0	1.3	2.3	5.4	4.0	14	8.1	28.3	36.4	49.6
14-36	-	1.1	1.9	3.1	6.7	4.6	17.4	8.2	27.9	36.1	46.5
36-63	-	1.2	2.7	4.8	9.5	6.1	24.3	8.5	26.9	35.4	40.3
63-105	-	1.2	3.1	5.5	10.4	5.5	25.7	8.9	21.9	30.8	43.6
105-	-	1.4	3.6	5.7	10.4	5.4	26.5	7.5	20.3	27.8	45.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	1.300	-	-	25.3	49.6
14-36	1.380	-	-	27.1	46.5
36-63	1.360	-	-	22.2	40.3
63-105	1.250	-	-	24.3	43.6
105-105	1.230	-	-	-	-
105-	-	-	-	24.8	45.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-14	1.300	62.3	56.7	52.8	50.3	46.3	42.2	41.5	23.9
14-36	1.380	54.5	43.9	52.8	52.0	50.9	47.7	26.9	27.7
36-63	1.360	61.6	61.2	59.7	59.0	56.6	52.7	62.4	24.4
63-105	1.250	69.1	67.7	63.5	61.8	57.5	50.8	34.1	28.6
105-105	1.230	71.9	67.4	65.5	64.3	59.4	54.8	33.6	30.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	5.8	4.9	0.25	-	1.69	0.12	14	-	-	16.9	8.0	0.6	0.4	25.9
14-36	6.5	5.5	0.15	-	0.81	0.09	9	-	-	18.2	8.8	0.5	0.4	27.9
36-63	6.8	5.7	0.11	-	1.01	0.07	14	-	-	15.7	8.0	0.8	0.4	24.9
63-105	6.8	5.6	0.09	-	0.71	0.07	10	-	-	14.0	7.0	0.8	0.4	22.2
105-	6.8	5.5	0.08	-	1.80	0.06	30	-	-	13.3	6.8	0.9	0.4	21.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	73	35.4	71	5.9	-	-	1
14-36	80	34.9	75	2.8	-	-	1
36-63	78	32.1	80	3.5	-	-	1
63-105	72	30.9	71	2.5	-	-	1
105-	71	30.2	66	6.3	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	8.5	46	-	0.41	0.22	2.96	0.39	0.10	0.04	-	1.41
14-36	8.8	45	-	0.35	0.24	3.12	0.35	0.03	0.04	-	1.06
36-63	8.8	39	-	0.35	0.22	2.97	0.31	0.03	0.02	-	1.22
63-105	8.8	40	-	0.44	0.22	3.11	0.45	0.03	0.05	-	1.24
105-	8.8	37	-	0.45	0.26	3.14	0.39	0.03	0.03	-	1.26

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-14	22.6	2.46	13.7	0.53	1.42	-	47.4	1.79
14-36	22.6	2.58	14.3	0.51	1.60	-	46.9	1.83
36-63	21.8	2.94	14.9	0.56	1.93	-	47.7	1.92
63-105	23.7	4.19	11.0	0.53	2.26	-	48.3	1.21
105-	21.7	4.47	11.5	0.42	2.53	-	44.4	1.31

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-14	2.6	10.0	0.20	0.18	3.6	9.2	2.6
14-36	2.5	9.1	0.34	0.16	3.5	8.7	2.5
36-63	2.3	8.1	0.31	0.18	3.7	8.5	2.6
63-105	3.4	8.1	0.18	0.20	3.5	11.7	2.7
105-	3.0	12.1	0.19	0.34	3.5	10.3	2.6

Profile description

Ap 0-18 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky and moderate medium granular,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine distinct sharp mottles (10 R 5/8),no cutans,common fine exped and inped interstitial pores and common exped interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules,very few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few krotovinas and termite channels,abrupt wavy boundary to,
18-31 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay slightly gravelly,strong medium and coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,very hard firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,broken thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,few very fine inped vesicular pores and few discontinuous exped tubular horizontal pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),very few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules very few medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,continuous platy non-cemented plough pan pans,clear wavy boundary to,
Bw 31-63 cm	(7.5YR 4.5/3.5, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate coarse and very coarse prismatic parting to weak to moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,very hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common heterogeneous faint clear mottles (10 YR 2/2) and common heterogeneous faint mottles (7.5 YR 3/3),broken thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,few very fine exped and inped interstitial pores and few continuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules few medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,few medium gravel fresh andesite few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules and krotovinas,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2BA 63-73 cm	(7.5YR 4/3, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,moderate coarse angular blocky,very hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay and humus throughout cutans,few very fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and continuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules very few medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,clear wavy boundary to,
2Bw 73-92 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,weak medium prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,hard very friable sticky plastic,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10 YR 2/2) and many heterogeneous distinct mottles (10 YR 4/4),patchy thin clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,common very fine fine exped and inped interstitial pores and few discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few medium spherical soft argillaceous nodules very few medium spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,abrupt irregular boundary to,
3BC 92-101 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)silty clay loam,moderately coherent porous massive,slightly hard very friable non sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay and humus in cracks cutans,few medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular vertical pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),no nodules no concretions,dominant coarse gravel weathered parent tuff fragments,abrupt wavy boundary to,
4Bw 101- cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,weak medium prismatic to weak medium angular blocky,very hard very friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,common very fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),no inclusions,very few medium gravel fresh andesite very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,

Depth1	63cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Soil Depth	63cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	rice
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Locally small stands of bamboo LANDUSE: In vicinity rainfed annual crops (maize, cassava, grain, legumes and dry seeded rice)
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	500m
Physiographic Unit	interfluve plateauVolcanic foothill area of Gunung Arjuna and Tengger mountains. Interfluve plateau between Kali Brantas and Kali Welang basin systems
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	piedmont
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	east-south-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	31cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	18cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	small cracks (width less than 1 cm, or depth less than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 13: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil ID013: Phaeozems

Classification