Reference soil Indonesia 23: Andosol

ID023

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID023: Andosols

LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Newly established home garden. Coffee (C.Robusta) and cloves and miscellaneous shacke trees like banana, citrus and jack-fruit. Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah - Also many very fine pores; also many medium and common coarse roots. AC - Also common medium and coarse roots. 2Ah - Also many very fine pores. 2Bw - Also many very fine pores.

Classification

WRB 2006

Silandic- Andosol (Dystric Thixotropic)

70-88 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

70-88 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Andosol

Ochric Andosol

0-31 cm	ochric A horizon
17-31 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic
-	smeary consistence

0-31 cm	ochric A horizon
17-31 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material
-	smeary consistence

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Thaptic Udivitrand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-17	-	4.5	8.5	15.8	16.2	9.2	54.2	13.2	18.3	31.5	14.4
17-31	-	6.2	11.8	22.8	20.1	7.3	68.2	9.5	12.8	22.3	9.6
31-54	12	21.1	27.4	24.5	11.8	3.7	88.5	3.3	4.6	7.9	3.6
54-70	-	0.8	2.7	7.3	13.3	9.8	33.9	17.2	31.5	48.7	17.5
70-88	-	0.4	1.9	7.4	16.8	12.6	39.1	15.7	27.2	42.9	18.0
88-127	6	25.0	26.7	14.0	13.0	6.5	85.2	5.0	5.1	10.1	4.7
127-155	-	0.3	1.0	4.0	10.0	6.8	22.1	22.3	28.3	50.6	27.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-17	0.620	-	-	1.0	14.4
17-31	-	-	-	0.0	9.6
31-54	-	-	-	0.0	3.6
54-70	0.640	-	-	0.0	17.5
70-88	-	-	-	0.5	18.0
88-127	-	-	-	3.1	4.7
127-155	-	-	-	4.3	27.2

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-17	0.620	72.6	72.2	66.3	58.0	52.4	45.1	16.5	16.0
54-70	0.640	74.4	73.3	64.5	59.4	57.5	55.4	17.0	16.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-17	5.4	4.5	0.10	-	8.53	0.48	18	-	-	2.4	0.7	0.3	0.0	3.4
17-31	6.1	5.1	0.09	-	3.60	0.18	20	-	-	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
31-54	6.1	5.6	0.07	-	0.66	0.05	13	-	-	2.8	0.3	0.2	0.2	3.5
54-70	5.9	5.0	0.04	-	3.50	0.25	14	-	-	1.6	0.1	0.1	0.2	2
70-88	6.0	5.3	0.01	-	1.48	0.15	10	-	-	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.8
88-127	6.3	5.2	0.01	-	0.13	-	-	-	-	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.8
127-155	6.0	4.9	0.02	-	0.61	-	-	-	-	3.2	0.3	0.8	0.7	5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-17	18	19	132	29.9	-	-	0
17-31	9	5.8	60	12.6	-	-	3
31-54	25	14.1	392	2.3	-	-	1
54-70	29	7	40	12.3	-	-	3
70-88	67	1.2	7	5.2	-	-	17
88-127	21	3.9	83	0.5	-	-	5
127-155	45	11.2	41	2.1	-	-	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-17	10.8	92	-	1.65	0.48	1.04	1.26	0.41	0.91	-	0.79
17-31	10.8	94	-	2.31	0.88	0.80	1.05	0.14	0.49	-	0.61
31-54	10.4	96	-	4.52	1.88	1.51	0.90	0.03	0.32	-	0.79
54-70	10.4	96	-	3.51	1.87	1.26	1.12	0.01	0.19	-	0.42
70-88	10.3	97	-	1.04	0.58	0.32	0.32	0.01	0.12	-	0.21
88-127	9.6	71	-	1.92	1.69	0.20	0.16	0.01	0.11	-	0.09
127-155	9.8	78	-	2.27	0.69	2.22	0.91	0.03	0.17	-	0.32

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-17	-	-	4.7	-	-	-	-	-	-
17-31	-	-	0.9	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-17	16.6	4.42	5.3	0.99	1.72	-	49.6	0.57
17-31	19.9	5.46	7.0	1.07	2.15	-	50.2	0.71
31-54	20.7	6.61	7.1	1.31	2.24	-	54.8	0.77
54-70	26.2	2.97	7.9	0.67	1.99	-	40.9	0.84
70-88	29.0	3.27	8.7	0.82	2.32	-	39.8	0.95
88-127	22.1	5.57	6.4	1.43	2.28	-	54.9	0.67
127-155	33.6	1.47	9.9	0.44	1.54	-	35.6	1.08

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-17	4.9	18.7	0.07	0.22	5.1	24.9	4.2
17-31	4.5	10.3	0.03	0.17	4.3	19.1	3.5
31-54	4.6	3.4	0.03	0.15	4.5	20.5	3.7
54-70	5.2	16.4	0.02	0.16	2.6	13.8	2.2
70-88	5.2	13.9	0.27	0.10	2.3	12.2	2.0
88-127	5.4	4.3	0.15	0.15	4.2	22.8	3.6
127-155	5.3	15.8	0.33	0.05	1.8	9.6	1.5

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-17	small	small	small	-	-	-	small	-	-	very small	-	-
17-31	small	-	very small	-	-	-	very small	-	-	very small	-	-
31-54	small	small	very small	-	-	-	-	-	-	very small	-	-
54-70	small	small	small	-	-	-	small	-	-	very small	-	-
70-88	small	small	small	-	-	-	small	-	-	very small	-	-
88-127	very small	small	small	-	-	-	very small	-	-	very small	-	-
127-155	very small	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	very small	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-17 cm	(10YR 2/3, moist)sandy loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,few medium pores and common pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel fresh tuff particles fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
AC 17-31 cm	(10YR 3/3.5, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,firm moderately smeary,common very fine fine pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few fine gravel fresh tuff particles fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
C 31-54 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)loamy coarse sand slightly gravelly,structureless single grain,loose,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (2.5Y 7/2),many very fine fine pores and common pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel fresh tuff particles very few medium gravel weathered pumice gravel fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Ah 54-70 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)loam,moderate medium angular blocky,firm strongly smeary,common fine pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw 70-88 cm	(10YR 5.5/4, moist)loam,moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,extremely firm moderately smeary,common fine pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),abrupt smooth boundary to,
2C 88-127 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist)loamy coarse sand slightly gravelly,structureless single grain,loose,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (2.5Y 6.5/3.5),many very fine fine pores and common coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel fresh tuff particles very few medium gravel weathered pumice gravel fragments,abrupt irregular boundary to,
3Ah 127-155 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)clay loam,weak coarse angular blocky,friable non sticky plastic strongly smeary,many very fine fine pores highly porous (>60 vol%),

Depth1	54cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Soil Depth	88cm
Texture of parent material	mixed
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	coffee
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places LANDUSE: Newly established home garden. Coffee (C. robusta), cloves and miscellaneous shade trees like banana, citrus and jack-fruit
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	950m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope Geureudong volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 23: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID023: Andosols

Classification