Reference soil Indonesia 08: Cambisol

ID008

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID008: Cambisols

LOCATION: Gunung Leuser National Park. CLIMATE: the mean annual temperature at site is estimated to be 18 °C. PARENT MATERIAL/ROCK: andesitic agglomerate mixed with quarzite and phyllite. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: O - colour tends to 10YR 3/4. Ah - colour tends to 10YR 5/8; in laboratory (dry) medium angular blocky structure. Bt - colour tends to 10YR 5/8; mottles cover <5%; shiny surfaces on peds and along cracks. BC - prismatic structure after drying in laboratory; shiny surfaces along cracks. REFERENCES: - Van Beek, C.C.G., 1982. Een geomorfologische bodemkundige studie van het Gunung Leuser nationale park, Noord Sumatra,Indonesie (in Dutch). Utrechtse geografische studies 26. Geografisch instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Classification

WRB 2006

Folic- Cambisol (Humic Hyperdystric)

0-10 cm	folic horizon
25-70 cm	cambic horizon

0-10 cm	folic horizon
25-70 cm	cambic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Dystri-Humic Cambisol

Dystric Cambisol

0-25 cm	ochric A horizon
25-70 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic

0-25 cm	ochric A horizon
25-70 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Kapi profile

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Aquic Hapludand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
10-25	-	5.0	5.0	5.8	10.1	7.3	33.2	11.3	21.8	33.1	33.7
25-70	-	0.7	2.3	5.8	13.9	7.9	30.6	13.1	18.9	32	37.5
70-	-	0.8	1.9	3.8	8.0	8.2	22.7	10.4	32.6	43	34.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
10-25	-	-	-	-	33.7
25-70	-	-	-	-	37.5
70-	-	-	-	-	34.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	3.7	3.0	0.55	-	43.00	2.82	15	-	-	1.7	3.6	2.7	0.4	8.4
10-25	4.0	3.6	0.19	-	2.60	0.36	7	13.7	11.1	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.6	1.0
25-70	4.9	4.1	0.03	-	2.01	0.12	17	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.4
70-	4.7	3.7	0.03	-	1.11	0.08	14	-	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	-	-	-	150.5	-	-	0
10-25	4	25.4	75	9.1	-	44	2
25-70	2	25.1	67	7.0	-	-	1
70-	2	22	64	3.9	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	6.2	-	-	1.01	0.00	0.54	0.83	0.19	0.85	-	0.33
10-25	8.8	-	-	0.62	0.00	4.04	0.57	1.84	0.53	-	1.81
25-70	9.3	-	-	0.50	0.00	4.05	0.52	1.85	0.45	-	1.68
70-	9.3	-	-	0.65	0.00	4.34	0.64	2.29	0.28	-	2.35

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
10-25	37.0	28.6	10.1	0.06	0.88	2.05	-	0.38
25-70	39.0	30.6	10.0	0.12	0.89	1.77	-	0.51
70-	38.7	29.4	9.9	0.05	0.87	2.06	-	0.47

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
10-25	0.04	0.52	17.5	96.8	2.2	9.9	1.8	-
25-70	0.04	0.42	14.8	98.1	2.2	10.6	1.8	-
70-	0.04	0.32	14.4	96.3	2.2	10.5	1.8	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
10-25	17.1	0.10	7.0	1.82	0.53	-	58.1	0.88
25-70	17.9	0.07	6.6	1.63	0.49	-	60.9	0.97
70-	20.1	0.05	7.4	1.84	0.53	-	56.8	0.95

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
10-25	3.8	14.8	0.03	0.14	5.8	22.1	4.6
25-70	4.3	12.1	0.02	0.09	5.8	24.6	4.7
70-	4.3	13.6	0.02	0.09	4.8	20.4	3.9

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
10-25	-	-	-	small	-	-	large	small	-	small	large	medium
25-70	-	-	-	small	-	-	large	-	-	-	medium	large
70-	-	-	-	small	-	-	large	-	-	-	medium	medium

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
10-25	-	-	-	medium	-	-	-
25-70	-	-	-	medium	-	-	-
70-	-	-	-	medium	-	-	-

Profile description

0-10 cm	(10YR 2/3, moist)clay loam organic highly,crumb,abrupt boundary to,
Ah 10-25 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)loam,crumb,clear boundary to,
Bw 25-70 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay loam,medium prismatic,common mottles (2.5 YR 5/8),few effusive&quartz fragments,gradual boundary to,
70- cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay loam,very coarse prismatic,few effusive&quartz fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	andesitic agglomerate mixed with quartzite and phyllite
Texture of parent material	loamy

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Transition submontane to montane
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	1540m
Physiographic Unit	edge of volcanic plateau
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Wet From To	0-60cm

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Reference soil Indonesia 08: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID008: Cambisols

Classification