Reference soil Indonesia 04: Ferralsol

ID004

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID004: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: Though having low bulk densities throughout, the soil doesn't meet the requirements of an Andosol (Andept) because its exchange complex is insufficiently made up of amorphous materials. Instead, the clay fraction has ferralic properties. PHYSIOGRAPHY: Flat to slightly undulating dissected footslope of Gunung Pangrango volcano. PARENT MATERIAL: Intermediate (andesitic) volcanic tuff. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Rainfed arable farming. Cassava plot. Poor stand, probably due to Mn concretion layer. Untill recently the supply of irrigation water was sufficient to grow wet landrice. Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ap: many termite nests (2 per meter, up to 10 cm in diameter). Bw: many vertical channels filled with light coloured top soil material. REFERENCES: - P. Buurman et al, 1980: "Red soils in Indonesia", pp. 24-47; Pudoc, Wageningen.

Classification

WRB 2006

Gibbsic- Ferralsol (Manganiferric Dystric Clayic)

26-170 cm	ferralic horizon
26-80 cm	ferric horizon

26-170 cm	ferralic horizon
26-80 cm	ferric horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Dystri-Haplic Ferralsol

Orthic Ferralsol

0-26 cm	ochric A horizon
26-170 cm	ferralic B horizon
-	ferric

0-26 cm	ochric A horizon
26-170 cm	oxic B horizon
-	ferric

Local classification:	Kambisol Oksik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Inceptic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Inceptic Dystropept udic very fine mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-26	-	0.1	0.3	1.2	2.6	1.9	6.1	4.5	17.2	21.7	72.2
26-36	-	1.8	2.1	1.4	1.5	1.5	15.6	12.8	15.7	53.2	63.1
36-80	-	0.2	0.4	1.2	2.3	1.4	5.5	4.6	11.7	16.3	78.2
80-120	-	0.1	0.5	1.3	2.4	1.5	5.8	4.0	11.0	15	79.2
120-170	-	0.2	0.6	1.7	2.9	1.9	7.3	5.4	15.7	21.1	71.5
170-200	-	1.3	16.6	26.5	23.3	10.5	78.2	7.0	7.0	14	7.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-26	0.490	-	-	18.4	72.2
26-36	-	-	-	4.2	63.1
36-80	0.520	-	-	0.9	78.2
80-120	0.510	-	-	0.0	79.2
120-170	-	-	-	0.0	71.5
170-200	-	-	-	0.0	7.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-26	0.490	31.2	30.4	24.8	21.0	19.6	18.1	15.1	14.5
36-80	0.520	33.3	31.9	28.3	24.7	22.8	21.5	19.7	19.1
80-120	0.510	35.0	33.3	29.3	24.8	23.1	21.6	18.7	18.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-26	5.0	4.3	0.08	-	1.75	0.22	8	0.9	0.6	2.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.2
26-36	5.4	4.7	0.05	-	0.97	0.15	6	0.1	0	3.4	2.0	0.2	0.0	5.6
36-80	5.2	4.6	0.08	-	0.65	0.13	5	0.1	0	3.0	2.1	0.2	0.2	5.5
80-120	5.4	4.7	0.09	-	0.40	0.07	6	0.1	0	3.9	2.2	0.2	0.4	6.7
120-170	5.1	4.5	0.07	-	0.45	0.04	11	0.1	0	4.0	2.3	0.2	0.6	7.1
170-200	5.4	5.3	0.10	-	0.27	0.01	27	0	0	0.4	3.1	0.0	0.4	3.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-26	18	12	17	6.1	-	5	0
26-36	43	13	21	3.4	-	0	0
36-80	47	11.8	15	2.3	-	0	2
80-120	55	12.1	15	1.4	-	0	3
120-170	55	12.8	18	1.6	-	0	5
170-200	78	5	64	0.9	-	0	8

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-26	9.1	63	-	0.46	0.01	6.07	0.90	0.50	0.25	-	0.39
26-36	9.1	68	-	0.43	0.02	6.52	1.12	0.24	0.19	-	0.62
36-80	9.4	67	-	0.50	0.04	6.32	1.07	0.12	0.14	-	0.65
80-120	9.5	66	-	0.55	0.04	6.50	1.13	0.08	0.13	-	0.76
120-170	9.6	69	-	0.43	0.07	6.49	1.13	0.11	0.16	-	0.91
170-200	10.4	99	-	4.89	4.73	1.93	0.97	0.01	0.22	-	0.24

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-26	30.2	0.32	12.8	0.13	1.31	-	38.3	1.64
26-36	29.7	0.37	14.3	0.14	0.46	-	36.8	1.64
36-80	32.7	0.22	13.7	0.11	0.24	-	38.4	1.66
80-120	32.2	0.21	13.8	0.09	0.22	-	37.0	1.68
120-170	32.0	0.21	14.0	0.09	0.23	-	35.6	1.70
170-200	35.9	2.11	10.5	0.15	1.56	-	31.0	1.17

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-26	3.7	15.8	0.17	0.19	2.2	8.0	1.7
26-36	3.3	14.9	1.44	0.14	2.1	6.9	1.6
36-80	3.7	14.7	0.55	0.14	2.0	7.5	1.6
80-120	3.7	14.4	0.57	0.14	2.0	7.1	1.5
120-170	3.6	14.8	0.50	0.14	1.9	6.8	1.5
170-200	5.4	15.0	0.22	0.24	1.5	7.9	1.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-26	-	-	medium	medium	medium	-	medium	small	-	-	-	-
26-36	-	-	medium	medium	large	-	-	very small	-	-	-	-
36-80	-	-	medium	medium	large	-	-	very small	-	-	-	-
80-120	-	-	medium	medium	medium	-	-	very small	-	-	-	-
120-170	-	-	medium	medium	large	-	small	very small	-	-	-	-
170-200	-	large	medium	small	medium	-	-	very small	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-26 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,strong fine crumb and weak medium subangular blocky,hard friable,no cutans,many very fine fine exped interstitial pores and common inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules concretions,frequent krotovinas and termite channels,abrupt wavy boundary to,
ABg 26-37 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)clay,strong coarse subangular blocky to strong coarse angular blocky,very hard firm,many coarse prominent clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0) and common medium distinct mottles (5 YR 5/8),continuous moderately thick manganese (hydr-)oxide on pedfaces cutans,few fine exped interstitial pores and few exped tubular pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),very few medium irregular hard manganiferous concretions,continuous non-cemented plough pan pans,clear wavy boundary to,
Bw1 37-60 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)clay,ME coarse subangular blocky,hard friable,many fine distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),patchy thin manganese (hydr-)oxide on pedfaces cutans,many fine medium exped and inped tubular pores and many very fine inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules concretions,clear wavy boundary to,
Bw3 80-120 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist),clay,clay,weak coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,weak coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable,friable,common fine faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),many fine medium exped tubular pores and many very fine inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),many fine medium exped tubular pores and many very fine inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),diffuse smooth boundary to,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw4 120-170 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)clay,weak coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable,many fine medium exped tubular pores and many very fine inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Soil Depth	26cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Major crops	cassava
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	250m
Physiographic Unit	flat to slightly undulating dissected footslope of the Gunung Pangrango volcano
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	piedmont
Slope	2%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	37cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	26cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 04: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID004: Ferralsols

Classification