Reference soil Indonesia 18: Andosol

ID018

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID018: Andosols

PARENT MATERIAL: Intermediate (andesitic) volcanic ash strata (0-37 and 37-110 cm) over moderately weathered volcanic tuff (110+ cm). LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Coffee plantation (C. robusta) with Citrus spp. as shade trees. Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places. REFERENCES: - Buurman, P. & De Vos, J.H., 1984. Land Evaluation for Agricultural Use of Aceh Utara and Aceh Tengah (DPA III), Sumatra, Indonesia. International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Silandic- Andosol (Dystric Thixotropic Siltic)

0-37 cm	umbric horizon
48-125 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

0-37 cm	umbric horizon
48-125 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Humi-Umbric Andosol

Humic Andosol

0-37 cm	umbric A horizon
48-125 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic
-	smeary consistence

0-37 cm	umbric A horizon
48-125 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Local classification:	Andosol Humik (PPT-Bogor 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Melanudand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-30	-	1.1	4.2	9.6	14.6	9.1	38.6	12.0	31.5	43.5	18.0
30-37	-	1.2	5.4	9.6	13.2	7.9	37.3	13.4	37.0	50.4	12.3
37-48	-	0.4	1.9	4.1	7.9	6.2	20.5	17.6	44.8	62.4	17.1
48-110	-	0.2	1.4	3.9	8.0	6.7	20.2	15.3	44.7	60	19.8
110-125	-	4.8	4.6	5.8	9.6	10.0	34.8	8.2	37.4	45.6	19.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-30	0.610	-	-	2.0	18.0
30-37	-	-	-	1.4	12.3
37-48	0.530	-	-	1.0	17.1
48-110	0.500	-	-	0.5	19.8
110-125	-	-	-	1.4	19.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-30	0.610	73.1	71.3	66.9	49.7	42.5	37.1	18.5	16.8
37-48	0.530	75.2	74.1	67.5	59.9	56.5	53.1	16.1	15.2
48-110	0.500	74.5	71.9	67.5	60.8	57.7	54.2	17.1	16.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-30	5.4	4.8	0.28	-	7.75	0.68	11	-	-	11.3	1.1	0.3	0.4	13.1
30-37	6.2	5.1	0.04	-	5.71	0.35	16	-	-	11.5	1.2	0.1	0.2	13
37-48	6.2	5.3	0.04	-	4.77	0.02	238	-	-	10.0	1.2	0.1	0.2	11.5
48-110	5.8	5.1	0.02	-	2.89	0.25	12	-	-	3.2	0.5	0.1	0.2	4
110-125	5.8	5.1	0.02	-	1.35	0.13	10	-	-	0.6	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-30	48	27.3	152	27.1	-	-	1
30-37	55	23.5	191	20.0	-	-	1
37-48	57	20.2	118	16.7	-	-	1
48-110	29	13.9	70	10.1	-	-	1
110-125	14	6.4	33	4.7	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-30	10.6	91	-	3.60	2.02	1.18	1.06	0.34	0.70	-	0.42
30-37	10.4	94	-	4.10	2.41	0.61	1.17	0.34	0.56	-	0.44
37-48	8.7	98	-	7.15	4.57	2.19	1.48	0.16	0.51	-	0.46
48-110	9.6	98	-	7.52	5.37	1.49	1.41	0.03	0.35	-	0.51
110-125	9.7	98	-	8.82	6.05	3.04	1.27	0.00	0.26	-	0.10

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-30	-	-	7.2	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-30	18.1	3.66	5.8	0.94	1.74	-	46.2	0.63
30-37	19.0	3.67	5.8	0.96	1.78	-	49.3	0.63
37-48	24.0	2.36	7.5	0.56	1.86	-	41.9	0.83
48-110	26.3	2.23	9.4	0.55	2.31	-	41.1	1.03
110-125	26.1	2.58	9.8	0.67	2.66	-	43.1	1.13

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-30	4.9	21.0	0.15	0.43	4.3	21.2	3.6
30-37	5.1	16.5	0.15	0.33	4.4	22.6	3.7
37-48	5.0	19.7	0.11	0.41	3.0	14.9	2.5
48-110	4.4	16.4	0.12	0.27	2.7	11.6	2.2
110-125	4.2	13.0	0.13	0.20	2.8	11.7	2.3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-30	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	small	small	-	-
30-37	-	small	-	-	-	-	very small	-	small	small	-	-
37-48	-	small	-	-	-	-	very small	-	small	small	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-30 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable weakly smeary,many very fine pores and common medium pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules andesite fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
Ah2 30-37 cm	very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)silt loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable weakly smeary,many very fine pores and many medium pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules andesite fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
37-48 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silt loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,firm moderately smeary,common coarse faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 3/2),many very fine fine pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few medium gravel weathered andesite fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw 48-110 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)silt loam slightly gravelly,weak medium and coarse subangular blocky,firm moderately smeary,few coarse faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 3/2) and few fine faint mottles (5 YR 6/8),many very fine fine pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few medium gravel weathered andesite fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
3BC 110-125 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist)loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,firm moderately smeary,common medium distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 6/8),many very fine pores and few medium pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few medium gravel weathered andesite fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
3C 125- cm	gravellymoderately coherent rock,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),weathered saprolite fragments,

Depth1	110cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Soil Depth	110cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	partially or moderately

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	coffee
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places LANDUSE: Coffee plantation (C. robusta) with Citrus spp. as shade trees
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	1395m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope Salah Nama volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	steeply dissected

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	0cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	125cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	fairly rocky
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	fairly stony

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Reference soil Indonesia 18: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID018: Andosols

Classification