Reference soil Indonesia 19: Ferralsol

ID019

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID019: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: Although the material of the B horizon has a smeary consistence and a high phosphate retention, it does not meet the requirements of andic properties because the oxalate extractable Al and Fe is too low and the bulk density is too high. On account of the low CEC and ECEC, the B horizon is classified as ferralic. VEGETATION: Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places.

Classification

WRB 2006

Gibbsic- Ferralsol (Dystric Ruptic Clayic)

29-110 cm	ferralic horizon
-	lithological discontinuity

29-110 cm	ferralic horizon
-	lithological discontinuity

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Veti-Xanthic Ferralsol

Xanthic Ferralsol

0-29 cm	ochric A horizon
29-110 cm	ferralic B horizon
-	smeary consistence

0-29 cm	ochric A horizon
29-110 cm	oxic B horizon
-	smeary consistence

Local classification:	Latosol Oksik (PPT-Bogor 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Andic Haploperox

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	1.0	4.5	13.1	15.9	6.6	41.1	11.8	18.0	29.8	29.1
16-23	-	1.2	4.1	13.6	18.0	7.0	43.9	7.9	19.1	27	29.1
23-29	-	0.1	1.1	4.5	7.8	3.7	17.2	6.3	10.0	16.3	66.6
29-85	-	0.2	0.7	2.7	6.9	4.3	14.8	7.4	16.0	23.4	61.9
85-110	-	0.4	1.4	4.1	8.2	5.5	19.6	7.9	18.0	25.9	54.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-16	0.750	-	-	4.8	29.1
16-23	-	-	-	6.4	29.1
58-63	1.050	-	-	-	-
23-29	-	-	-	0.0	66.6
29-85	-	-	-	0.8	61.9
85-110	-	-	-	0.5	54.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-16	0.750	67.4	64.3	56.2	51.3	48.6	45.4	24.5	23.1
58-63	1.050	57.2	54.2	48.6	46.4	45.4	44.6	30.1	28.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-16	5.5	4.5	0.05	-	9.30	0.51	18	0.9	0.7	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.5
16-23	5.3	4.6	0.03	-	3.20	0.21	15	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4
23-29	5.3	4.8	0.02	-	1.30	0.11	12	0	0	0.8	0.2	0.1	0.2	1.3
29-85	5.5	5.4	0.01	-	0.48	0.05	10	0	0	1.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	1.8
85-110	5.4	4.8	0.01	-	0.43	-	-	0	0	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.2	1.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-16	3	17.1	59	32.6	-	4	0
16-23	6	7	24	11.2	-	3	3
23-29	26	5	8	4.6	-	0	4
29-85	53	3.4	5	1.7	-	0	6
85-110	26	5.3	10	1.5	-	0	4

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-16	10.2	95	-	2.57	0.56	1.92	1.63	0.61	0.97	-	0.87
16-23	10.5	84	-	1.03	0.33	2.65	1.37	0.36	0.49	-	0.37
23-29	10.5	66	-	0.39	0.05	4.28	1.33	0.50	0.35	-	0.23
29-85	10.5	75	-	0.28	0.05	4.31	1.35	0.13	0.15	-	0.19
85-110	10.2	70	-	0.29	0.11	4.24	1.32	0.23	0.34	-	0.24

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-16	-	-	2.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
16-23	-	-	0.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
23-29	-	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-16	21.5	2.99	7.5	-	1.47	-	40.5	0.81
16-23	29.0	3.13	10.4	-	1.58	-	35.8	1.16
23-29	38.9	0.50	12.8	-	0.39	-	24.9	1.45
29-85	41.8	0.08	13.5	-	0.25	-	20.9	1.52
85-110	41.5	0.09	11.2	-	0.31	-	26.0	1.22

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-16	4.5	23.8	0.20	0.12	3.2	14.4	2.6
16-23	4.4	17.0	0.26	0.08	2.1	9.2	1.7
23-29	4.8	20.9	0.23	0.05	1.1	5.2	0.9
29-85	4.9	21.8	0.18	0.03	0.8	4.1	0.7
85-110	5.8	20.3	0.14	0.02	1.1	6.2	0.9

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-16	small	small	medium	-	-	-	small	-	-	small	-	-
16-23	small	small	large	-	-	-	small	-	-	small	-	-
23-29	small	small	large	-	-	-	small	-	-	small	-	-
29-85	very small	small	large	-	-	-	small	-	-	small	-	-
85-110	small	small	large	-	-	-	small	-	small	small	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-16 cm	(10YR 2/2.5, moist)sandy clay loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to moderate medium granular,hard friable,many medium coarse pores and common fine pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel fresh andesite fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 16-23 cm	(10YR 4.5/3.5, moist)sandy clay loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,many medium coarse pores and common fine pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel fresh andesite fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
23-29 cm	(10YR 5/5, moist)clay,moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky to moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,firm weakly smeary,common medium pores and common fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),around nodules andesite fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw1 29-85 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)clay,strong coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,few fine medium pores and common pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bw2 85-110 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)clay,strong coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,few medium pores and few fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),diffuse smooth boundary to,
2Bw3 110- cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,moderate to strong coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,few medium pores and few fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),

Depth1	23cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	ejecta ash
Soil Depth	110cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	moderate
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Shrub coverage 30% (60% on steep slopes); remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen shrub

Altitude	750m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope Geureudong volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	north-west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	110cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	rapid
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	85cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 19: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID019: Ferralsols

Classification