Reference soil Indonesia 20: Ferralsol

ID020

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID020: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: The soil was classified as Ferralsol/Oxisol in the field, but the analytical data indicate that the silt-clay ratio, and the CEC of the clay, are too high for the ferralic B or the oxic horizon respectively. The B horizon is cambic. SLOPE: 6-13%, 250-500m long. DEPTH LOWER GROUND WATER LEVEL: >120 cm. FLOODING: frequently flooded by rainwater. RISK OF EROSION: burning. VEGETATION: ferns, alang-alang & Kebun pinus. No lianes or saplings. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: AB - Also many very fine roots. Bw - Also few very fine roots. BCg - Also 2.5YR5/8. Cg1 - Also 2.5Y8/6 and 2.5Y8/3. Cg2 - Also 2.5Y8/3 and 2.5YR5/8.

Classification

WRB 2006

Haplic- Ferralsol (Alumic Xanthic)

5-55 cm	ferralic horizon
-	reducing conditions
-	stagnic colour pattern

5-55 cm	ferralic horizon
-	reducing conditions
-	stagnic colour pattern

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Ferralic Cambisol

Xanthic Ferralsol

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
5-75 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
5-55 cm	oxic B horizon
-	ferralic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0.3	0.7	1.5	5.5	15.5	23.5	20.0	16.3	36.3	40.3
5-20	-	0.2	0.5	1.0	3.4	11.7	16.8	14.5	13.7	28.2	55.0
20-55	-	0.1	0.3	0.4	2.5	10.8	14.1	28.9	16.7	45.6	40.4
55-75	-	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.5	10.3	12.4	31.9	17.2	49.1	38.6
75-110	-	1.6	0.7	0.4	0.8	14.7	18.2	32.7	15.3	48	33.7
110-	-	0.2	0.7	0.5	0.9	10.9	13.2	37.6	20.3	57.9	28.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	1.160	-	-	-	40.3
5-20	-	-	-	-	55.0
20-55	1.250	-	-	-	40.4
55-75	1.410	-	-	-	38.6
75-110	-	-	-	-	33.7
110-	-	-	-	-	28.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	1.160	49.4	47.2	44.7	40.8	38.9	36.8	26.9	25.0
20-55	1.250	49.5	48.2	45.4	42.3	40.9	39.1	26.6	24.1
55-75	1.410	47.1	45.3	43.3	41.3	40.3	39.1	32.2	27.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	5.2	3.9	0.08	-	5.00	0.24	21	2.9	2.0	1.7	1.5	0.5	0.0	3.7
5-20	5.0	3.9	0.01	-	1.26	0.10	13	3.5	2.9	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.9
20-55	5.1	3.9	0.01	-	0.25	0.03	8	3.1	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.2
55-75	5.1	3.9	0.01	-	0.20	-	-	8.8	7.1	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.6
75-110	5.1	3.7	0.01	-	0.11	-	-	9.9	9.3	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.2
110-	5.2	3.7	0.01	-	0.07	-	-	10.7	10.2	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	22	16.6	41	17.5	-	12	0
5-20	10	8.9	16	4.4	-	33	2
20-55	3	6.8	17	0.9	-	43	0
55-75	6	10.9	28	0.7	-	65	2
75-110	2	12.7	38	0.4	-	73	0
110-	5	12.7	44	0.2	-	80	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	0.42	0.02	1.90	0.58	0.41	0.43	-	0.26
5-20	-	-	-	0.36	0.04	2.57	0.72	0.42	0.26	-	0.16
20-55	-	-	-	0.36	0.04	2.42	0.52	0.17	0.27	-	0.05
55-75	-	-	-	0.24	0.04	2.90	0.55	0.32	0.24	-	0.06
75-110	-	-	-	0.28	0.04	3.12	0.50	0.16	0.20	-	0.06
110-	-	-	-	0.25	0.02	2.61	0.46	0.09	0.18	-	0.04

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-5	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	very small	-	small	-	-
5-20	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	very small	very small	small	-	-
20-55	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	very small	small	small	-	-
55-75	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	small	small	small	-	-
75-110	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	small	small	small	-	-
110-	-	very small	-	small	-	-	medium	small	medium	small	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-5 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable,many very fine fine pores,clear smooth boundary to,
5-20 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)silty clay,weak coarse subangular blocky and granular,friable,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw 20-55 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)silty clay,weak coarse subangular blocky and granular,friable,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
BCg 55-75 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)silty clay,weak coarse subangular blocky,friable,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Cg1 75-110 cm	red (2.5YR 5/8, moist)firm,coarse distinct clear mottles,common very fine fine pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
Cg2 110- cm	yellow (2.5Y 8/6, moist)weak coarse angular blocky,firm,few very fine fine pores,frequent large ferruginous concretions,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	shale/siltstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	mudstone
Texture of parent material	clayey
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	burning
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	woodland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: 20-40% Pinus (>20m high), <2% low trees; ferns, alang-alang and Kebun pinus, no lianes or saplings
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	1000m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	hill
Slope	10%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	110cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	fresh
Depth to groundwater table	120cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	75cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 20: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID020: Ferralsols

Classification