Reference soil Indonesia 24: Andosol

ID024

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID024: Andosols

PHYSIOGRAPHY: North-Eastern slope of Gunung Kawi volcano. Piedmont landform at transition towards Pudjon intervolcanic plain. Isolated hill plateau at the crest of a sloping hill spur. PARENT MATERIAL: 0-26 cm: recent ash cover of intermediate composition. 26-95 cm: truncated, moderately weathered ash profile of intermediate composition. 95+ cm: buried, highly weathered ash deposits of intermediate composition. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Timber plantation (Pinus merkusii), infested with secundary shrub vegetation (Eupatorium spp. and Lantana spp.). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Due to shrinkage, horizon depths in soil monolith are altered: Ah : 0- 13 cm. AC : 13- 25 cm. 2Bw1: 25- 45 cm. 2Bw2: 45- 70 cm. 2Bw3: 70- 85 cm. 3Ah1: 85- 97 cm. 3Ah2: 97-125 cm. 3AB : 125+ cm. REFERENCES: - J.L. Tersteeg, 1987: "A study on the genesis of soils derived from volcanic material in the Malang area, East Java, Indonesia"; ISRIC, Wageningen.

Classification

WRB 2006

Silandic- Andosol (Eutric Siltic)

26-95 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

26-95 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Humi-Haplic Andosol

Ochric Andosol

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
26-95 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic
-	strongly humic

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
26-95 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Local classification:	Andosol Mollik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Hapludand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	0.1	1.1	6.8	13.1	8.4	29.5	16.6	29.8	46.4	24.2
14-26	-	0.2	1.8	8.2	15.0	9.8	35	16.5	31.1	47.6	17.5
26-47	-	0.0	0.4	1.4	5.7	5.8	13.3	14.8	43.6	58.4	28.4
47-78	-	0.0	0.4	2.3	6.8	5.4	14.9	13.2	39.2	52.4	32.8
78-95	-	0.0	0.3	1.8	6.1	5.2	13.4	14.9	38.5	53.4	33.1
95-107	-	0.1	0.2	1.0	4.1	2.9	8.3	8.6	20.3	28.9	62.8
107-138	-	0.0	0.1	0.6	3.5	2.5	6.7	8.0	25.6	33.6	59.7
138-150	-	0.0	0.1	1.0	5.7	3.4	10.2	9.9	27.2	37.1	52.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
10-20	0.69	-	-	-	-
0-14	-	-	-	5.1	24.2
32-37	0.61	-	-	-	-
14-26	0.690	-	-	2.1	17.5
26-47	0.610	-	-	0.6	28.4
63-75	0.65	-	-	-	-
117-122	0.7	-	-	-	-
47-78	0.650	-	-	3.5	32.8
78-95	-	-	-	7.3	33.1
95-107	-	-	-	15.1	62.8
107-138	0.700	-	-	5.8	59.7
138-150	-	-	-	4.0	52.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
10-20	0.69	73.4	71	59.9	48.7	40.6	35.2	29.4	24
32-37	0.61	75.9	75.1	69.3	63.6	60	56.3	48.1	46.4
14-26	0.690	73.4	71.0	59.9	48.7	40.6	35.2	29.4	24.0
26-47	0.610	75.9	75.1	69.3	63.6	60.0	56.3	48.1	46.4
63-75	0.65	76	74.6	69.1	63.5	60.7	57.7	50.8	48.8
117-122	0.7	70.2	69.3	64.5	59.7	59.1	57.8	54.9	52.7
47-78	0.650	76.0	74.6	69.1	63.5	60.7	57.7	50.8	48.8
107-138	0.700	70.2	69.3	64.5	59.7	59.1	57.8	54.9	52.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	5.6	5.2	0.98	-	7.72	0.56	14	0.1	0	20.4	4.2	2.7	0.1	27.4
14-26	5.3	4.7	0.52	-	6.50	0.47	14	0.3	0.2	7.0	1.0	1.7	0.1	9.8
26-47	5.5	4.9	0.21	-	4.00	0.28	14	0.2	0	7.4	0.7	3.0	0.3	11.4
47-78	6.3	5.2	0.05	-	2.49	0.20	12	0.1	0	11.6	1.9	1.5	0.5	15.5
78-95	6.6	5.1	0.05	-	1.92	0.13	15	0.1	0	18.2	4.0	2.1	0.6	24.9
95-107	6.7	5.0	0.05	-	2.68	0.13	21	0	0	22.4	4.0	2.1	1.0	29.5
107-138	6.6	5.1	0.07	-	4.77	0.19	25	0	0	25.5	4.0	1.8	1.0	32.3
138-150	6.5	5.1	0.07	-	3.39	0.17	20	0	0	22.2	5.0	1.1	1.3	29.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	75	36.7	152	27.0	-	0	0
14-26	42	23.1	132	22.8	-	1	0
26-47	47	24.2	85	14.0	-	0	1
47-78	65	23.8	73	8.7	-	0	2
78-95	73	34.3	104	6.7	-	0	2
95-107	74	39.8	63	9.4	-	0	3
107-138	75	43.1	72	16.7	-	0	2
138-150	81	36.7	70	11.9	-	0	4

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	9.6	86	-	2.94	1.65	2.99	1.16	0.19	0.47	-	1.48
14-26	10.1	92	-	4.67	1.88	2.89	1.29	0.19	0.53	-	1.48
26-47	10.0	98	-	6.12	4.41	5.59	2.08	0.12	0.44	-	2.12
47-78	9.9	98	-	6.14	4.75	4.75	1.78	0.09	0.32	-	1.85
78-95	9.6	95	-	3.48	2.77	5.32	1.19	0.10	0.23	-	2.03
95-107	8.9	76	-	0.95	0.65	5.70	0.66	0.51	0.23	-	2.03
107-138	9.2	89	-	1.98	1.60	5.04	1.60	0.92	0.74	-	2.24
138-150	9.4	91	-	2.44	2.28	4.50	1.55	0.36	0.38	-	2.35

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-14	19.6	4.40	10.4	0.59	2.76	-	40.4	1.09
14-26	20.1	4.71	10.9	0.59	3.07	-	42.3	1.17
26-47	24.5	3.12	14.2	0.36	3.16	-	36.5	1.57
47-78	24.9	3.29	13.4	0.31	3.33	-	39.1	1.45
78-95	25.7	2.41	13.3	0.32	2.57	-	40.4	1.52
95-107	23.9	1.41	14.3	0.35	1.73	-	40.3	1.57
107-138	24.8	1.44	12.4	0.22	1.57	-	39.6	1.24
138-150	25.1	1.70	13.5	0.18	2.81	-	39.3	1.37

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-14	3.0	19.3	0.21	0.55	3.5	10.3	2.6
14-26	2.9	15.9	0.22	0.49	3.6	10.3	2.7
26-47	2.7	15.2	0.28	0.49	2.5	6.8	1.8
47-78	2.9	13.3	0.27	0.45	2.7	7.8	2.0
78-95	3.0	12.7	0.28	0.33	2.7	8.1	2.0
95-107	2.6	14.2	0.30	0.13	2.9	7.5	2.1
107-138	3.1	17.8	0.22	0.25	2.7	8.5	2.1
138-150	2.9	16.1	0.25	0.23	2.7	7.8	2.0

Profile description

Ah 0-14 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)loam,moderate to strong medium crumb and moderate to strong coarse crumb,friable non sticky non plastic,many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules nodules,very frequent pedotubules,clear wavy boundary to,
AC 14-26 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)loam,weak medium and coarse crumb and weak medium and coarse subangular blocky,friable non sticky non plastic,many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules,very frequent pedotubules,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Bw1 26-47 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky and moderate coarse angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2.5),many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and few medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules,frequent pedotubules,gradual wavy boundary to,
2Bw2 47-78 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2.5),many fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and few medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules,frequent pedotubules,gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bw3 78-95 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium granular and moderate medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,common heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10 YR 4/2) and common heterogeneous distinct mottles (10 YR 6/6),common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few medium spherical hard argillaceous nodules,frequent pedotubules,clear wavy boundary to,
3Ah1 95-107 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky and moderate medium angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2),common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules nodules,frequent pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
3Ah2 107-138 cm	(7.5YR 3/no, dry) (7.5YR 2/no, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky and moderate medium angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent pedotubules,gradual smooth boundary to,
138- cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)clay,moderate medium angular blocky and moderate medium subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent pedotubules,

Depth1	26cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	silty
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Slope stability	locally unstable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	afforestation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Timber plantation (Pinus merkusii), infested with secondary (Kirinyu) shrub vegetation (Eupatorium and Lantana spp)
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	1300m
Physiographic Unit	sloping hill spur of g. Kawi
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	piedmont
Slope	7%
Slope Aspect	north-north-west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	somewhat excessive

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 24: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID024: Andosols

Classification