Reference soil Indonesia 26: Phaeozem

ID026

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID026: Phaeozems

PHYSIOGRAPHY: Piedmont landform at the lower northeastern slope of the Gunung Kawi volcano. Colluvial lower footslope at the transition towards Pudjon intervolcanic plain. Western valley side slope of one of the smaller tributaries of the Kali Konto. PARENT MATERIAL: Thick colluvial deposits of material derived from intermediate and basic volcanic ash. HYDROLOGY: Well drained, moderately permeable, medium runoff. The soil is occasionally flooded by overland flow. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Cultivation of rainfed annual food crops (maize, cassava, grain legumes) and vegetables on graded benched fields. Locally small stands of bamboo. Whole area is cleared of its original vergetation.

Classification

WRB 2006

Haplic- Phaeozem

0-45 cm	mollic horizon
45-139 cm	cambic horizon

0-45 cm	mollic horizon
45-139 cm	cambic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Phaeozem

Haplic Phaeozem

0-45 cm	mollic A horizon
45-139 cm	cambic B horizon

0-45 cm	mollic A horizon
45-139 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Kambisol Eutrik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	0.2	1.2	6.7	14.8	8.6	31.5	16.7	24.8	41.5	27.0
16-29	-	0.2	1.0	6.3	14.4	8.0	29.9	16.6	24.1	40.7	29.4
29-45	-	0.1	1.4	6.4	12.1	7.4	27.4	16.0	26.1	42.1	30.6
47-77	-	0.0	0.8	4.2	10.8	7.0	22.8	15.1	27.3	42.4	34.9
77-101	-	0.0	0.7	3.4	10.4	6.6	21.1	16.4	30.4	46.8	32.1
101-115	-	0.1	0.7	3.6	10.5	7.1	22	15.8	31.9	47.7	30.2
115-150	-	0.1	1.1	4.9	12.4	7.5	26.0	22.9	19.8	42.7	31.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	-	-	5.3	27.0
10-20	0.92	-	-	-	-
35-40	0.75	-	-	-	-
16-29	0.920	-	-	6.1	29.4
80-88	0.97	-	-	-	-
29-45	0.750	-	-	7.5	30.6
47-77	-	-	-	9.9	34.9
130-135	1.11	-	-	-	-
77-101	0.970	-	-	11.2	32.1
101-115	-	-	-	13.1	30.2
115-150	1.110	-	-	11.4	31.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
10-20	0.92	64.2	62.3	51.1	40	36	32.7	27.6	25.9
35-40	0.75	64.6	62.7	56.1	49.5	44.6	38.9	32	29.6
16-29	0.920	64.2	62.3	51.1	40.0	36.0	32.7	27.6	25.9
80-88	0.97	59.4	57.5	51.2	45	42.4	39.9	36.6	29.4
29-45	0.750	64.6	62.7	56.1	49.5	44.6	38.9	32.0	29.6
130-135	1.11	57	54	49	44	42.8	41	37	31.9
77-101	0.970	59.4	57.5	51.2	45.0	42.4	39.9	36.6	29.4
115-150	1.110	57.0	54.0	49.0	44.0	42.8	41.0	37.0	31.9

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-16	4.7	4.1	1.10	-	2.83	0.20	14	1.5	1.4	10.4	0.9	1.8	0.1	13.2
16-29	4.7	4.0	0.37	-	3.52	0.19	19	2.2	2.1	7.8	1.2	1.6	0.3	10.9
29-45	5.4	4.5	0.31	-	4.18	0.25	17	0.3	0	14.2	1.9	1.4	0.2	17.7
47-77	5.4	4.6	0.38	-	3.19	0.23	14	0.2	0	13.4	2.6	2.1	0.1	18.2
77-101	5.9	4.7	0.18	-	1.87	0.15	12	0.1	0	13.2	2.9	1.4	0.3	17.8
101-115	6.1	4.8	0.17	-	1.50	0.12	13	0	0	12.6	3.2	1.6	0.3	17.7
115-150	5.9	4.6	0.19	-	1.48	0.12	12	0.1	0	11.4	3.2	1.9	0.5	17

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-16	55	24	89	9.9	-	6	0
16-29	46	23.7	81	12.3	-	9	1
29-45	62	28.4	93	14.6	-	0	1
47-77	73	24.9	71	11.2	-	0	0
77-101	77	23.1	72	6.5	-	0	1
101-115	78	22.6	75	5.3	-	0	1
115-150	78	21.9	70	5.2	-	0	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-16	9.4	74	-	1.20	0.57	4.08	0.80	0.18	0.33	-	1.28
16-29	9.3	77	-	1.14	0.55	3.99	0.77	0.17	0.31	-	1.22
29-45	9.4	75	-	1.17	0.47	3.67	0.77	0.28	0.33	-	1.31
47-77	9.4	82	-	1.26	0.56	4.58	0.80	0.39	0.31	-	1.63
77-101	9.2	73	-	1.08	0.56	4.65	0.63	0.17	0.16	-	1.55
101-115	9.2	70	-	0.79	0.51	4.38	0.57	0.13	0.12	-	1.37
115-150	9.0	68	-	0.92	0.52	4.54	0.56	0.10	0.11	-	1.36

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-16	23.2	3.18	12.8	0.50	2.47	-	43.1	1.34
16-29	22.9	2.99	12.9	0.48	2.50	-	43.4	1.35
29-45	21.3	3.33	11.0	0.53	2.13	-	45.5	1.16
47-77	23.0	2.72	12.2	0.52	2.04	-	43.4	1.29
77-101	24.4	2.56	12.9	0.47	2.16	-	42.6	1.38
101-115	24.8	2.73	12.5	0.55	2.19	-	44.3	1.32
115-150	24.4	3.17	12.9	0.43	2.46	-	43.9	1.35

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-16	2.8	12.3	0.25	0.55	3.2	9.0	2.3
16-29	2.8	12.3	0.25	0.36	3.2	9.0	2.4
29-45	3.0	13.6	0.23	0.44	3.6	11.0	2.7
47-77	3.0	13.4	0.25	0.45	3.2	9.5	2.4
77-101	3.0	11.9	0.26	0.34	3.0	8.8	2.2
101-115	3.1	11.0	0.25	0.32	3.0	9.4	2.3
115-150	3.0	10.6	0.26	0.31	3.1	9.1	2.3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-16	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
16-29	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
29-45	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
47-77	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
77-101	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	weak	-	-	-	-
101-115	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	weak	-	-	-	-
115-150	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	weak	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-16 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,moderate medium granular and moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium continuous exped and inped tubular vertical pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
16-29 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,moderate medium granular and moderate medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium continuous exped and inped tubular vertical pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear wavy boundary to,
Ahb 29-45 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2),patchy thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common continuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 45-77 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2),patchy thin clay and humus throughout cutans,few common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium continuous exped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw2 77-101 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2),patchy thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,few fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common medium continuous exped tubular random pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,few pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw3 101-139 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 4/2),patchy thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and many coarse continuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
139- cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,weak to moderate medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common fine medium exped and inped interstitial pores and common coarse continuous exped and inped tubular random pores highly porous (>60 vol%),common fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,frequent pedotubules,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Slope stability	locally unstable

Major crops	crops (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Locally small stands of bamboo.Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation LANDUSE: Cultivation of rainfed annual food crops (maize, cassava, grain legumes) and vegetables on graded benched fields
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	1210m
Physiographic Unit	colluvial lower footslope
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	piedmont
Slope	10%
Slope Aspect	east-north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Microrelief Height: variation in height	20
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	artificial terracing/mounds
Microrelief pattern	linear
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

You are here

Reference soil Indonesia 26: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil ID026: Phaeozems

Classification