Reference soil Indonesia 44: Ferralsol

ID044

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID044: Ferralsols

PARENT MATERIAL: Coral limestone, marine origin. VEGETATION AND LAND USE: Cassave and maize on fields and perennial treecrops (cloves, coconut, fruittrees). Field pH-method used is Hellige.

Classification

WRB 2006

Acric-Vetic- Ferralsol (Hyperdystric Clayic)

24-132 cm	ferralic horizon
24-132 cm	argic horizon

24-132 cm	ferralic horizon
24-132 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Acri-Haplic Ferralsol

Orthic Ferralsol

0-45 cm	ochric A horizon
24-132 cm	argic B horizon
45-132 cm	ferralic B horizon

0-45 cm	ochric A horizon
24-132 cm	oxic B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Haplik

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	2.5	4.4	3.7	4.1	3.0	17.7	14.5	32.5	47	35.3
9-24	-	0.6	0.9	0.8	1.9	1.7	5.9	13.1	41.0	54.1	40.1
24-45	-	0.2	0.4	0.5	1.9	1.6	4.6	5.2	13.7	18.9	76.4
45-72	-	0.2	0.3	0.4	1.9	1.8	4.6	3.9	5.5	9.4	86.0
72-132	-	0.1	0.2	0.4	1.9	1.6	4.2	6.2	5.0	11.2	84.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	0.77	-	-	-	-
0-9	0.770	-	-	9.3	35.3
9-24	0.830	-	-	3.7	40.1
9-14	0.83	-	-	-	-
24-45	-	-	-	2.0	76.4
46-51	0.89	-	-	-	-
72-77	0.9	-	-	-	-
45-72	0.890	-	-	1.5	86.0
72-132	0.900	-	-	1.8	84.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	0.77	66.2	66.2	57.1	48.7	44.9	42.7	29.8	27.3
0-9	0.770	66.2	66.2	57.1	48.7	44.9	42.7	29.8	27.3
9-24	0.830	61.9	60.3	54.2	47.5	44.2	42.0	33.9	32.9
9-14	0.83	61.9	60.3	54.2	47.5	44.2	42	33.9	32.9
46-51	0.89	59.5	56.1	50.2	44.1	41.7	40	31.3	29.9
72-77	0.9	56.9	55.3	50.5	45	42.8	41.1	32.7	31.7
45-72	0.890	59.5	56.1	50.2	44.1	41.7	40.0	31.3	29.9
72-132	0.900	56.9	55.3	50.5	45.0	42.8	41.1	32.7	31.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-9	6.1	5.8	0.45	-	4.80	0.45	11	-	-	13.2	2.3	0.2	0.8	16.5
9-24	6.6	6.3	0.11	-	2.60	0.29	9	-	-	7.6	1.0	0.1	0.4	9.1
24-45	5.9	6.1	0.02	-	0.30	0.07	4	-	-	0.4	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.9
45-72	5.8	6.0	0.02	-	0.30	0.11	3	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.6
72-132	6.3	6.1	0.02	-	0.40	0.08	5	-	-	3.5	0.0	0.0	1.1	4.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-9	75	22	62	16.8	-	-	4
9-24	105	8.7	22	9.1	-	-	5
24-45	24	3.7	5	1.1	-	-	5
45-72	18	3.3	4	1.1	-	-	18
72-132	67	6.9	8	1.4	-	-	16

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-9	-	-	-	0.72	0.13	9.10	1.30	-	-	-	0.49
9-24	-	-	-	0.66	0.11	9.70	1.40	-	-	-	0.75
24-45	-	-	-	0.31	0.11	9.00	1.20	-	-	-	0.86
45-72	-	-	-	0.24	0.09	8.00	1.20	-	-	-	0.41
72-132	-	-	-	0.24	0.12	7.70	1.20	-	-	-	0.37

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-9	-	-	12.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
9-24	-	-	12.2	-	-	-	-	-	-
24-45	-	-	41.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
45-72	-	-	63.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
72-132	-	-	68.3	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-9	32.0	0.83	18.1	0.0	0.29	-	16.3	1.53
9-24	34.5	0.48	18.9	0.0	0.22	-	16.5	1.58
24-45	36.5	0.22	18.2	0.0	0.20	-	21.0	1.64
45-72	36.0	0.50	17.6	0.01	0.28	-	22.6	1.54
72-132	34.6	0.55	17.6	0.01	0.29	-	21.7	1.49

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-9	2.8	27.7	1.67	1.03	0.9	2.4	0.6
9-24	2.9	5.3	1.72	0.92	0.8	2.3	0.6
24-45	3.1	20.7	0.87	1.02	1.0	3.1	0.7
45-72	3.2	19.5	0.52	1.67	1.1	3.4	0.8
72-132	3.1	21.3	0.45	1.64	1.1	3.3	0.8

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-9	small	-	medium	small	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
9-24	small	-	medium	small	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
24-45	small	-	medium	small	-	-	small	-	small	-	-	-
45-72	small	-	medium	small	-	-	small	-	small	-	-	-
72-132	small	-	medium	small	-	-	medium	-	small	-	-	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Boehmite	Cristobalite	Jarosite	Nordstrandite	Palygorskite	Septechlorite
0-9	small	-	-	-	-	-
9-24	small	-	-	-	-	-
24-45	small	-	-	-	-	-
45-72	small	-	-	-	-	-
72-132	small	-	-	-	-	-

Trace elements

Depth (cm)	As mg/kg	Ba mg/kg	Cd mg/kg	Co mg/kg	Cr mg/kg	Cu mg/kg	Mn mg/kg
0-9	-	54	-	104	203	51	-
9-24	-	46	-	112	218	51	-
24-45	-	20	-	99	244	46	-
45-72	-	20	-	85	251	69	-
72-132	-	20	-	87	248	74	-

Depth (cm)	Mo mg/kg	Ni mg/kg	Pb mg/kg	Sr mg/kg	V mg/kg	Zn mg/kg
0-9	-	215	100	561	340	134
9-24	-	212	106	561	362	129
24-45	-	206	112	850	358	134
45-72	-	280	109	1642	324	189
72-132	-	257	106	1629	305	186

Profile description

Ah1 0-9 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)loam,weak very fine crumb,very friable non sticky non plastic,no cutans,no pores,no inclusions,no fragments,non-cemented pans,clear wavy boundary to,
Ah2 9-24 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,few fine to coarse continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),no inclusions,no fragments,non-cemented pans,clear wavy boundary to,
24-45 cm	dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, moist)loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,few fine to coarse continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),no inclusions,no fragments,non-cemented pans,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bw1 45-72 cm	reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common very fine continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores and few continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores moderately porous (40-60 vo,no inclusions,no fragments,non-cemented pans,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bw2 72-132 cm	(7.5Y 5/6, moist)silty clay loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,fine and medium platy sticky,no cutans,common very fine continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores and few continuous exped and inped tubular oblique pores moderately porous (40-60 vo,no inclusions,no fragments,non-cemented pans,

Depth1	132cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	limestone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	marine sediments
Remarks on Parent Materials	coral limestone
Soil Depth	60cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	high
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	slightly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet

Major crops	perennial crops
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Fields with cassava and maize, fallow and perennial tree crops (cloves, coconut and fruit trees)
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant

Altitude	190m
Physiographic Unit	uplifted coral reef
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	marine terrace
Slope	7%
Slope Aspect	north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-132cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Microrelief Height: variation in height	0
Microrelief pattern	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Indonesia 44: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID044: Ferralsols

Classification