Reference soil India 03: Acrisol

IN003

Acrisols occur dominantly in the wetter parts of the tropics and subtropics and the warm temperate regions in relatively young landscapes.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface

Distribution of Acrisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IN003: Acrisols

A deep, moderately well drained, red and yellow loamy soil on a plateau with slopes varying between 1 and 3 %. Clay content increases with depth and the soil shows decreasing permeability in the lower horizons. Soil reaction is strongly acid. The lower part shows common yellowish red to red mottles. Strong biological activity is noted in the upper 70 cm. The land is hardly affected by erosion. SOIL MORPHOLOGY: second colour Bt1 10YR 5/2, second colour Bt2 10YR 5/2, second colour Bt3 10YR 7/1, all moist.

Classification

WRB 2014

Acrisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Acrisol

Ferric Acrisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferric

Local classification:	Beldanga sandy loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Kanhaplic Haplustult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Kanhaplic Haplustult ustic fine-loamy mixed hyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	1.2	16.2	31.9	23.9	4.1	77.3	7.5	9	16.5	6.2
9-43	-	1.2	19.9	31.7	18	3.1	73.9	6.7	10.8	17.5	8.6
43-70	-	1.1	14.1	24.5	22.1	4.0	65.8	5.1	11.9	17	17.2
70-98	-	0.7	12.3	22.3	19.6	4.2	59.1	6.7	11.1	17.8	23.1
98-117	-	1.7	15.6	21.9	18.8	3.7	61.7	6	11.6	17.6	20.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	-	-	-	6.2
9-43	-	-	-	-	8.6
43-70	-	-	-	-	17.2
70-98	-	-	-	-	23.1
98-117	-	-	-	-	20.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-9	6.2	4.7	0.06	-	0.12	0.03	4	-	-	1.0	0.2	0	0.0	1.2
9-43	6.3	5.1	0.05	-	0.12	0.02	6	-	-	1.5	0.3	0.1	0.0	1.9
43-70	5.9	4.5	0.03	-	0.09	0.02	5	-	-	1.3	0.5	0.1	0.0	1.9
70-98	5.6	4.3	0.05	-	0.06	0.02	3	-	-	1.5	1.2	0.1	0.1	2.9
98-117	5.7	4.0	0.04	-	0.06	0.02	3	-	-	1.0	0.6	0	0.0	1.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-9	71	1.7	27	0.4	-	-	-
9-43	61	3.1	35	0.4	-	-	-
43-70	61	3.1	18	0.3	-	-	-
70-98	74	3.9	17	0.2	-	-	-
98-117	33	4.8	23	0.2	-	-	-

Profile description

AE 0-9 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand,medium crumb and fine crumb,loose loose non sticky non plastic,faint mottles,common coarse pores and many medium pores,very frequent,gradual smooth boundary to,
E 9-43 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,very friable non sticky non plastic,faint mottles (10YR 6/8),common coarse pores and many medium pores,very frequent termite channels and worm channels,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 43-70 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky,few faint mottles,few coarse pores and many medium pores,frequent spherical soft manganiferous nodules,very frequent termite channels and worm channels,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt2 70-98 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky and moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky,common fine distinct clear mottles (5YR 4/8) and common medium distinct mottles (5YR 4/8),few medium pores and common fine pores,frequent,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt3 98-117 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,strong medium subangular blocky and strong fine subangular blocky,firm sticky,common fine distinct clear mottles (2.5YR 4/6) and common medium distinct mottles (2.5YR 4/6),many coarse pores and many fine pores,few,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Soil Depth	120cm
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	harmless
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	upland crops; natural vegetation: mixed

Altitude	50m
Physiographic Unit	undulating to rolling plateau
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	2%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	117cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	0-9cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	9-117cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	98cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil India 03: Acrisol

Characteristics

Reference soil IN003: Acrisols

Classification